Network Function Virtualization technologies applied to cellular systems

Future 5G networks will exploit the inherent flexibility associated to the introduction of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies in both the core network and even the Radio Access Network (RAN) through the software implementation of network functions running on general purpose computing/storage resources. The advent of the NFV paradigm provides an inherent capability to add new functionalities, extend, upgrade or evolve existing functionalities and to customize the network on a per-tenant basis. In this context, this work intends to make an analysis of the cuFuture 5G networks open a new spectrum of possibilities, both at the level of services it can offer, and at the level of its deployment. This thesis aims to make a study of some of the technologies that make possible the arrival of 5G, such as virtualization and virtualization applied to networks, NFV. In order to better understand the defined standard for NFV, the analysis of market NFV-MANO available tools is included. In addition, the study and evaluation of the deployment process of a virtualized 5G network scenario has been performed with HPE NFV Director

Implementació de la capa física de l'estàndard Wimax-2004

Communications in rural areas, industrial estates outside the village, etc., where the number of users of the system, and therefore the traffic carried is relatively low, have always been a great challenge for telecommunications operators due to build infrastructure in these areas is not feasible (or if it is present many difficulties) from the economic point of view. Therefore, technologic alternatives for providing telecommunications services in these areas, and generally at inaccessible areas, have been envisaged. In this context, a technology, called WiMAX, seems to provide promising solutions to the problem of communications in such environments. In this project an implementation of the physical layer of WiMAX-2004 standard using a tool of Software Defined Radio (SDR) has been carried out. In particular, we have developed a physical layer model using Matlab Simulink application.Las comunicaciones en entornos rurales, polígonos industriales fuera del casco urbano, etc., en donde el número de usuarios del sistema, y por lo tanto, el tráfico cursado es relativamente bajo, siempre han supuesto un gran reto para los operadores de telecomunicaciones, debido a que la construcción de infraestructuras en estas zonas no es viable (o si lo es presenta muchas dificultades) desde el punto de vista económico. Por ello, se han buscado otras alternativas para poder llevar servicios de telecomunicación en dichas zonas y en general a zonas de difícil acceso. En este entorno, surge una tecnología llamada WiMAX que permite aportar soluciones prometedoras al problema de las comunicaciones en este tipo de entornos. En este proyecto se ha realizado una implementación de la capa física del estándar WiMAX-2004 mediante el uso de una herramienta de Software Defined Radio (SDR). Para ello se ha desarrollado un modelo usando la aplicación Simulink de Matlab.Les comunicacions en entorns rurals, polígons industrials fora del nucli urbà, etc., on el nombre d'usuaris del sistema, i per tant, el trànsit cursat és relativament baix, sempre han suposat un gran repte per als operadors de telecomunicacions, a causa del fet que la construcció d'infraestructures en aquestes zones no és viable (o si ho és presenta moltes dificultats) des del punt de vista econòmic. Per això, s'han buscat altres alternatives per poder dur serveis de telecomunicació en aquestes zones i en general a zones de difícil accés. En aquest entorn, sorgeix una tecnologia anomenada WiMAX que permet aportar solucions prometedores al problema de les comunicacions en aquest tipus d'entorns. En aquest projecte s'ha realitzat una implementació de la capa física de l'estàndard WiMAX-2004 mitjançant l'ús d'una eina de Software Defined Radio (SDR). Per a això s'ha desenvolupat un model fent ús de l'aplicació Simulink de Matlab

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Implementació de la capa física de l'estàndard Wimax-2004

Communications in rural areas, industrial estates outside the village, etc., where the number of users of the system, and therefore the traffic carried is relatively low, have always been a great challenge for telecommunications operators due to build infrastructure in these areas is not feasible (or if it is present many difficulties) from the economic point of view. Therefore, technologic alternatives for providing telecommunications services in these areas, and generally at inaccessible areas, have been envisaged. In this context, a technology, called WiMAX, seems to provide promising solutions to the problem of communications in such environments. In this project an implementation of the physical layer of WiMAX-2004 standard using a tool of Software Defined Radio (SDR) has been carried out. In particular, we have developed a physical layer model using Matlab Simulink application.Las comunicaciones en entornos rurales, polígonos industriales fuera del casco urbano, etc., en donde el número de usuarios del sistema, y por lo tanto, el tráfico cursado es relativamente bajo, siempre han supuesto un gran reto para los operadores de telecomunicaciones, debido a que la construcción de infraestructuras en estas zonas no es viable (o si lo es presenta muchas dificultades) desde el punto de vista económico. Por ello, se han buscado otras alternativas para poder llevar servicios de telecomunicación en dichas zonas y en general a zonas de difícil acceso. En este entorno, surge una tecnología llamada WiMAX que permite aportar soluciones prometedoras al problema de las comunicaciones en este tipo de entornos. En este proyecto se ha realizado una implementación de la capa física del estándar WiMAX-2004 mediante el uso de una herramienta de Software Defined Radio (SDR). Para ello se ha desarrollado un modelo usando la aplicación Simulink de Matlab.Les comunicacions en entorns rurals, polígons industrials fora del nucli urbà, etc., on el nombre d'usuaris del sistema, i per tant, el trànsit cursat és relativament baix, sempre han suposat un gran repte per als operadors de telecomunicacions, a causa del fet que la construcció d'infraestructures en aquestes zones no és viable (o si ho és presenta moltes dificultats) des del punt de vista econòmic. Per això, s'han buscat altres alternatives per poder dur serveis de telecomunicació en aquestes zones i en general a zones de difícil accés. En aquest entorn, sorgeix una tecnologia anomenada WiMAX que permet aportar solucions prometedores al problema de les comunicacions en aquest tipus d'entorns. En aquest projecte s'ha realitzat una implementació de la capa física de l'estàndard WiMAX-2004 mitjançant l'ús d'una eina de Software Defined Radio (SDR). Per a això s'ha desenvolupat un model fent ús de l'aplicació Simulink de Matlab